Ontario Archaeology 2000-2009

The Worked Faunal Material from the Anderson Site: A Uren Village on the Lower Grand River, Ontario
Volume:  OA69
Year:  2000
Author:  DEBORAH J. BERG AND JEFFREY A. BURSEY
Page Range:  7 – 18
Abstract:  The Anderson site (AfGx-54) was a small prehistoric village located near the Town of Cayuga, approximately five kilometres west of the Grand River in southern Ontario. Salvage excavation of the site prior to its destruction by a modern quarry revealed five longhouses surrounded by a palisade enclosing an area of about 0.6ha. Both seriation of the pottery rim sherds and one AMS radiocarbon date indicate the occupation occurred in the late thirteenth century A.D. and allow the designation of this site as an early component of the Uren substage of the Middle Stage of the Ontario Iroquoian Tradition. In this paper, the complete assemblage of 78 pieces of worked faunal material recovered from the Anderson site is described and discussed. While emphasis is given to form and function, comparisons with other assemblages, particularly those from sites of a similar date in southern Ontario, are made.

Augmenting Faunal Quantification Procedures Through the Incorporation of Historical Documentary Evidence: An Investigation of Faunal Remains from Fort George
Volume:  OA69
Year:  2000
Author:  MATTHEW W. BETTS
Page Range:  19 – 38
Abstract:  Faunal analyses are now commonly included in historical archaeology reports. Many of the techniques used in these analyses are identical to those used in prehistoric faunal studies. However, these techniques are often inappropriate for faunal remains recovered from historic sites because historical documents exist that can be utilized to refine quantification procedures beyond the standard minimum number of individuals (MNI) and meat cut calculations. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of augmenting traditional quantification procedures through the incorporation of historical records and documents, using historic Fort George and Fort Maiden as examples. Revised quantification procedures for cattle (based on quarters) and swine (based on stored barrels) are created and are compared to MNI calculations. This comparison indicates that meat weight calculations based on MNI units may misrepresent the actual amount of edible meat represented by the archaeological bone.

Faunal Remains from the Loyalist Occupation of the Bliss Islands, Quoddy Region, New Brunswick
Volume:  OA69
Year:  2000
Author:  DAVID W. BLACK AND CHRISTOPHER R. BLAIR
Page Range:  39 – 54
Abstract:  During the summer of 1992, a remarkably undisturbed, single-component Loyalist occupation, dating A.D. 1783 to ca. A.D. 1803, was excavated on the Bliss Islands, Quoddy Region, New Brunswick. The Loyalist site (BgDr-66) is believed to represent the homestead of Samuel Bliss, for whom the islands are named. It contains a substantial, diverse and well-preserved faunal assemblage, which shows that, while the occupants raised several species of domestic animals on the Islands, and exploited a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species from the adjacent waters, they apparently hunted neither marine nor terrestrial mammals. The site and the faunal assemblage afford a view of Loyalist life that is different from the predominantly political and genealogical perspectives of the historic records, and that contrasts with what might be expected based on a knowledge of local biogeography, faunal assemblages from Native archaeological sites, and recent subsistence and commercial activities on the islands.

New Caribou Fossil Records from Rice Lake, South-Central Ontario: Radiocarbon Evidence and Middle Holocene Climatic Change
Volume:  OA69
Year:  2000
Author:  LAWRENCE J. JACKSON
Page Range:  55 – 64
Abstract:  This paper discusses three new radiocarbon dates on fossil caribou bones from Rice Lake, Ontario, and their possible environmental implications. Three specimens identified by Howard Savage, of the University of Toronto, and Richard Harington, of the Canadian Museum of Civilization, indicate a middle Holocene caribou presence in this area of south-central Ontario. One specimen, previously reported as a possible Late Pleistocene record (cf. Pavlish and Alcock [1984] on Webb Bay), is radiocarbon-dated several thousand years later in the middle Holocene. Zonal pollen in Rice Lake cores suggests the principal occurrence of these dated Rice Lake caribou during a Hypsithermal warming between about 7,000 and 3,000 years B.P. The lack of fossil material for the late glacial period (terminal Pleistocene) is believed to correlate with the current inaccessibility of depositional environments due to flooding of ancient Rice Lake shorelines. The local presence of Early Palaeo-Indian sites, on the other hand, is highly suggestive of the presence of caribou at this time. The apparent absence of caribou during the early and late Holocene, as well as lack of evidence for their human exploitation throughout the Holocene, requires explanation.

How Much is Enough? An Approach to Sampling Ichthyofaunas
Volume:  OA69
Year:  2000
Author:  GREGORY G. MONKS
Page Range:  65 – 75
Abstract:  This paper focuses on the issue of characterizing richness and diversity of a faunal assemblage. This issue is presupposed by Graysons (1984) seminal volume and it is of pragmatic interest to academic and contract researchers. The question, then, is how much of an excavated assemblage must be examined in order for that assemblages richness and diversity to be accurately identified? The skeletal characteristics of different taxa, and taphonomic variability among sites or assemblages suggest that no single method may work reliably in every case. The completely identified Ma’acoah (DfSi-5) assemblage is used to examine several approaches to characterizing assemblage richness and diversity in order to identify the methods that may be appropriate under certain conditions. This exercise is intended to help analysts to evaluate an assemblage in terms of their research aim and choose the method(s) most likely to help achieve that aim.

Economic Strategies and Community Patterning at the Providence Bay Site, Manitoulin Island
Volume:  OA69
Year:  2000
Author:  BEVERLEY A. SMITH AND ROSEMARY PREVEC
Page Range:  76 – 91
Abstract:  The Providence Bay site (BkHn-3) on the south shore of Manitoulin Island has produced a large faunal assemblage representing a late precontact/early contact period occupation. This paper provides basic descriptive and previously unavailable information about this important site and combines the results of the authors independently conducted faunal analyses to identify and reconstruct subsistence activities. The large faunal sample provides the database for a reconstruction of the subsistence and dietary preferences of the site’s occupants, the seasons of site occupation, and the procurement strategies practiced at the site. A comparison of faunal density and the density of important species of animals provides evidence to support the hypothesis that community and household economic activities can be identified at the Providence Bay site.

Variability in Neutral Iroquoian Subsistence: A.D. 1540-1651
Volume:  OA69
Year:  2000
Author:  FRANCES L. STEWART
Page Range:  92 – 117
Abstract:  This paper adds information on the subsistence of the pre-contact and post-contact Neutral Iroquoians to that published by Prevec and Noble in 1983. Using zooarchaeological research completed since that publication, some of their findings are supported and some changes to their conclusions are indicated. Trends in Neutral faunal utilization are updated. Explanations for the variability observed in the faunal samples from 13 Neutral Iroquoian sites are offered, with the most consideration given to microenvironmental differences in the sites’ locations, and to changes over time, particularly the coming of Europeans to the region.

Ceramics as Reflectors of Social Relationship: The Auger Site and Ball Site Castellations
Volume:  OA70
Year:  2000
Author:  JENNETH E. CURTIS AND MARTHA A. LATTA
Page Range:  1 – 15
Abstract:  Ceramic castellations are distinctive components of Iroquoian ceramic assemblages. The recovery of substantial numbers of castellations from two early seventeenth century Huron village sites, Auger and Ball, provides the opportunity to investigate this class of artifact more closely. A series of attributes are defined for the analysis of castellations and are used to characterize and compare artifacts from the Auger and Ball sites. These comparisons are facilitated by the use of the chi-square test and the coefficient of similarity. The tests reveal a high degree of similarity between the two assemblages. The relationship between the Auger and Ball sites is placed within a wider context through comparisons with other sites from Huronia, along with consideration of tribal affiliations and village relocation. This analysis indicates the relocation of a single community from the Ball site to the Auger site.

The Rentner and McKean Sites: 10,000 Years of Settlement on the Shores of Lake Huron, Simcoe County, Ontario
Volume:  OA70
Year:  2000
Author:  PAUL A. LENNOX
Page Range:  16 – 65
Abstract:  Excavations at two sites located on a prominent ridge attributed to the mid-Holocene Nipissing transgression yielded diagnostic stone tools, radiocarbon dates and faunal remains relating primarily to Early and Middle Archaic occupations of this area, one kilometre south of Georgian Bay in the Huron basin, east of Collingwood, Ontario. At the Rentner site, flaked and ground stone tools in good association with charcoal dated to 5,900 90 radiocarbon years B.P. indicate a Middle Archaic occupation that was most likely situated on the Huron shore of a Nipissing high-water stand. Cultural materials recovered at Rentner indicate that Late Archaic and Late Woodland peoples continued to use this site, with its adjacent creek, as an inland camp. At the McKean site, corner-notched, Thebes-Cluster projectile points indicate an Early Archaic occupation, likely during the time of falling water levels in the Huron basin about 9,500 years ago. Fish bone from a subsoil feature at the McKean site provides some of the earliest evidence for fishing in the Great Lakes.

Nineteenth Century Burials from Peterborough, Ontario
Volume:  OA71
Year:  2001
Author:  HERMANN HELMUTH AND SUSAN JAMIESON
Page Range:  1 – 28
Abstract:  This study examines human skeletal and cultural remains from the first burial grounds at Peterborough, Ontario, dated between 1827 and 1854. Approximately 32 individuals are represented, including ten skeletons and the commingled remains of 22 more individuals. They are described as to their age, sex, populational affinity, height and pathologies. The sample includes five subadults and possibly 35 adults. An overrepresentation of males is found compared to the 1851 Personal Census of Canada. Cranial measures prove the skeletons to be those of European settlers. Body height is a very tall 178.12 centimetres for males and an average 159.2 centimetres for females. Overall, the health status of the skeletons reveals severe signs of degenerative joint disease, nutritional-metabolic deficiencies and some fractures. Dentally, the high ‘diseased and missing’ index in addition to a strong representation of periodontal diseases and abscesses shows again a poor health status. These are people who engaged in heavy, long-term, sustained physical activity, who had a poor diet during their developmental years, and who lacked good oral hygiene. These characteristics, in addition to the cheaper personal artifacts found with burials, are indicative of lower socioeconomic status. Burial patterns are consistent with the nineteenth century cultural trend toward increased embellishment following adoption of the larger Western ideology surrounding the ‘beautification of death’.

Sweat Lodges and Solidarity: The Archaeology of the Hubbert Site
Volume:  OA71
Year:  2001
Author:  ROBERT I. MACDONALD AND RONALD F. WILLIAMSON
Page Range:  29 – 78
Abstract:  In 1990, Archaeological Services Inc. undertook salvage excavations at the Hubbert site, a mid- to late-fifteenth century Late Woodland period settlement located on the eastern margin of the Innisfil upland over-looking the broad valley of Lovers Creek. In the course of excavating 3,260 square metres of this one hectare settlement, two longhouses were completely exposed, while the end of a third house was documented as well. The most conspicuous features associated with the houses were their 17 semi-subterranean sweat lodges. This paper summarizes the findings of the excavations with respect to the settlement patterns, the various aspects of the material culture and subsistence practices of the sites occupants, and concludes with a summary and interpretation of these data.

The Liberation of Wendake
Volume:  OA72
Year:  2001
Author:  BRUCE G. TRIGGER
Page Range:  3 – 14
Abstract:  This paper traces the history of archaeology relating to the Wendat (Huron) people and evaluates its accomplishments. The study of the Wendats is grounded in nineteenth-century efforts by the Jesuits to re-establish themselves in Canada and, more generally, in Euro-Canadian nationalism of the confederation era. Early archaeologists shared the general view that Indians were primitive and unprogressive. Since 1945, Ontario archaeologists have become leaders in the study of the prehistoric archaeology of eastern North America. Extensive archaeological research has revealed the dynamic, changing nature of Wendat society and culture in prehistoric and early historical times. At the same time, archaeologists and modern Wendats have established mutually beneficial relations. Over the years Ontario archaeologists have played a socially important role in dispelling colonial views about the Wendats, and indigenous people generally, in Canadian society and have made progress in overcoming their own estrangement from modern indigenous peoples. These developments have contributed to a sense of achievement and relevance among Ontario archaeologists.

Genoa Frilled Pottery and the Problem of the Identification of the Wenro in Huronia
Volume:  OA72
Year:  2001
Author:  ALICIA L. HAWKINS
Page Range:  15 – 37
Abstract:  This paper explores the possible link between an unusual pottery type found on mid-seventeenth century southern Ontario Iroquoian sites and a group of refugees reported to have arrived in Huronia in 1639. The primary means of examination are ceramic attribute analysis and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). The core collections are from the Huron Ossossan site and the Neutral Freelton site, with additional data from several other sites in Ontario and New York State. Interpretation of the attribute analysis is that the unusual pottery from the Huron sites was made by a number of individuals, whereas one artisan could have decorated that from Freelton. Further, comparison with the New York pottery showed that although there were some basic similarities in style, the Ontario pottery is also stylistically different from the late Cayuga and Seneca pottery. INAA results indicate that the pottery from Huronia and Neutralia are basically indistinguishable on the basis of elements with short lived half-lives. However, pottery from New York shows differences from the Ontario vessels in the concentrations of several minor and trace elements. None of the Ontario pottery with unusual decoration had chemistry consistent with the New York State pottery. This suggests that the Ontario frilled pottery was made from local clays. Both the results of the attribute analysis and the results of INAA are consistent with what we would expect from pottery produced by a refugee population. An alternative interpretation is that frilling was a widely adopted ‘horizon marker’ of the mid-seventeenth century, possibly related to increased contacts and signalling of common identity in the mid-seventeenth century.

Mourning, Curing, Feasting or Industry? The Interpretation of the Quinte and Perch Lake Mounds
Volume:  OA72
Year:  2001
Author:  DAVID A. ROBERTSON
Page Range:  38 – 63
Abstract:  The Middle Woodland burnt stone mounds of Prince Edward County, Ontario, and Jefferson County, New York, form an unusual class of monuments that have defied satisfactory interpretation. They have been identified variously as ‘burial mounds’, ‘hut rings’, ‘sweat lodges’, and the remains of ‘fire rituals’. Some of this confusion may be attributed to the fact that few of these sites have been examined in great detail. More important, however, is the manner in which these interpretations have been formulated, as they have tended to rely on superficial similarities with other feature types and poorly developed analogy. Through consideration of sites that more closely resemble the burnt stone mounds of the eastern Lake Ontario basin, it is suggested that these mounds are more likely to be the remains of seasonally occupied large-scale cooking or food processing sites, although it is possible that in some cases they also acquired symbolic significance within the subsistence-settlement systems of local communities.

Fleshing Out the Evidence: From Archaic Dog Burials to Historic Dog Feasts
Volume:  OA73
Year:  2002
Author:  CATH OBERHOLTZER
Page Range:  3 – 14
Abstract:  Archaeological evidence derived from, and associated with, dog burials dating from the Archaic and Woodland periods suggests that this precontact rite of sacrificing dogs represents a continuum that culminates in the dog feasts observed in the post-contact period. By fleshing out the archaeological and ethnographic records with the eye-witness accounts of nineteenth-century missionaries serving amongst the northern Algonquians of Ontario and Manitoba, it can be confirmed that dog feasts became incorporated as a rite within the Midewiwin complex of ceremonies. From this conclusion it can be inferred that the increased complexities of the Midewiwin or Medicine Society are elaborations of substantive indigenous practices and thus pre-date any European influences.

A Revised Temporal Framework for Middle Woodland Ceramics in South-Central Ontario
Volume:  OA73
Year:  2002
Author:  JENNETH E. CURTIS
Page Range:  15 – 28
Abstract:  Analysis of ceramic collections from key Middle Woodland sites in the Rice Lake-Trent River region, in combination with recent excavations, has documented a regional sequence along which changes in ceramic manufacture and decoration may be observed. I propose a division of this sequence into three temporal phases of the local Point Peninsula tradition, thus providing a framework for the investigation and interpretation of Middle Woodland sites within the region. This paper introduces each phase, describing characteristic ceramic attributes along with relevant data concerning settlement patterns, subsistence practices, and chronology. The relationships of this Middle Woodland sequence to earlier and later periods are also considered.

Limited Activity and Low Visibility Remains in the Middle Trent Valley: Wishin’ and Hopin’ at the West Burleigh Bay Site
Volume:  OA73
Year:  2002
Author:  SUSAN M. JAMIESON
Page Range:  29 – 37
Abstract:  Located on the edge of the Canadian Shield in the middle Trent Valley, the West Burleigh Bay site (BdGn-12) is a cluster of limited activity loci having low archaeological visibility. Recent excavations at the site have revealed an 12,500-year cultural sequence that is an important contribution to our understanding of poorly known local and regional developments. At the same time, archaeological remains from the site provide a cautionary tale regarding how we identify, classify and interpret Middle and Late Woodland ceramics from eastern Shield sites having stratigraphically and culturally mixed components and/or highly fragmented sherd samples.

Wa-nant-git-che-ang: Canoe Route to Lake Huron through Southern Algonquia
Volume:  OA73
Year:  2002
Author:  WILLIAM ARTHUR ALLEN
Page Range:  38 – 68
Abstract:  The Severn River, its tributaries, and adjacent river systems, are centrally located in the Great Lakes watershed. The river, known to the Anishinaabeg as Wa-nant-git-che-ang, the circuitous river, forms an important travel corridor through central Ontario. Archaeological evidence, early historical records, Anishinaabe oral tradition, and place names all contribute vitally to knowledge of aboriginal use of this waterway and its region, defined here as southern Algonquia. The cross-disciplinary nature of this evidence will require a major study, with commitments by scholars from different fields, to further our understanding of this region.

Building Bridges From a Mnjikaning Fish Fence Circle Perspective
Volume:  OA73
Year:  2002
Author:  JANET TURNER
Page Range:  69 – 75
Abstract:  In September 2002, the Mnjikaning Fish Fence Circle launched an exciting new educational video ‘Journey to the Fish Weirs’, at the annual gathering of the Simcoe County Historical Association in Orillia Ontario. By bringing together First Nations people, historians, archaeologists, environmentalists, and elected officials to celebrate the importance of an ancient and sacred place, this educational initiative did indeed bridge cultural divides. Ontario’s newly-appointed Lieutenant Governor, himself a person of Aboriginal heritage, set the tone for the day’s celebrations.

Underwater Archaeology and the Future of Submerged Cultural Resources on the Trent-Severn Waterway
Volume:  OA73
Year:  2002
Author:  WILLIS STEVENS
Page Range:  76 – 78
Abstract:  Work is beginning on a comprehensive inventory of submerged archaeological resources along the Trent-Severn Waterway National Historic Site of Canada. This paper describes the development pressures and attendant cultural resource management issues that arise in trying to protect sites and mitigate threats.

Aboriginal Youth Week Comes to Camp: Partners in History, Culture, and Environment at Georgian Bay Islands National Park of Canada
Volume:  OA73
Year:  2002
Author:  BRIAN ROSS AND SHERYL SMITH
Page Range:  79 – 84
Abstract:  Beginning in 2000, Grade 7 and 8 Aboriginal children, teachers, and resource people have gathered for a week each September for holistic learning on Beausoleil Island, part of Georgian Bay Islands National Park of Canada. Our partners, local First Nations and Aboriginal communities and the Midland YMCA Camp Kitchikewana, take students on a journey through activities designed to enhance their knowledge of, and appreciation for, their history and culture. Archaeology plays a role in helping that happen.

The State of Archaeology and First Nations
Volume:  OA73
Year:  2002
Author:  R. KRIS NAHRGANG
Page Range:  85 – 93
Abstract:  The state of Ontario archaeology and its relations with First Nations communities is criminal! Did all archaeologists train to be consultants only? Where is the research? Must we walk ever faster over fields seeking only the larger sites? Are we solely the products of the developers environment? Is this what archaeologists train for? These are some of the questions that come to mind when I think of archaeologists.

Archaeology and Policing
Volume:  OA73
Year:  2002
Author:  GREGORY O. OLSON
Page Range:  94 – 98
Abstract:  Since the beginning of time, ways have been invented to disguise crime. The role of police agencies around the world is to investigate this crime, firstly by deduction and, now secondly with the aid of science. Badly mismanaged crime scenes have placed pressure on law enforcement agencies to develop special expertise in locating, identifying, and recovering human remains. In response to this need, the York Regional Police has formed the first Archaeological Forensic Recovery Team in Canada, a team comprised entirely of police officers. In addition to their police training, these individuals are schooled in archaeology, osteology, entomology, and forensic anthropology. This particular blend of investigative skills coupled with forensic science and archaeological techniques create a unique ‘hybrid’ criminal investigator. The Archaeological Forensic Recovery Team has successfully applied archaeological methodologies to scenes of homicides, robberies, sexual assaults, and other crimes. Some examples of this application are described here.

A Stone Tool Cache from the Hudson Bay Lowlands
Volume:  OA74
Year:  2002
Author:  JEAN-LUC PILON
Page Range:  4 – 21
Abstract:  The 1,100 year old Ouissinaougouk cache, located in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, consists of 343 objects, most of which (88) are expedient tools (scrapers, notches, gravers, pièces esquilleés, retouched flakes) or flake blanks (249). They appear to have been left in a birch-bark container and either set aside for future use and not retrieved, lost in a spring flood or simply left behind when camp was moved. Blood residues show that some of the artifacts had been used to process a wide range of animals, including ungulates, bear, canids, hare and some kind of rodent (muskrat or beaver?), animals consistent with a cold season occupation. Transport scars (highly polished facets) indicate that the assemblage of items was carried over a considerable distance. The cache represents the anticipated requirement for lithic implements during the coming cold season when access to stone is severely curtailed by snow cover.

An Unusual Slate Gorget Fragment from Oxford County, Ontario
Volume:  OA74
Year:  2002
Author:  CHRISTOPHER ELLIS
Page Range:  22 – 42
Abstract:  This paper reports on a fragment of a slate gorget from Oxford County, southwestern Ontario, that most likely dates to the Early to Middle Woodland (ca. 2,800 to 1,500 B.P.). Usually stone gorgets are undecorated or have simple incised geometric motifs but this fragment has representational images, on both faces, in the form of several line engravings of animals that most closely resemble wolves or dogs. The orientation of the representations also provides information on how gorgets might have been suspended. Marked differences in engraving style suggest use by more than one individual, indicating that some of these items were heirlooms. Gorgets with representational images occur on shell, cannel coal and stone, but their rarity and the depiction of animals that were particularly important in the ethnographically documented spiritual beliefs of Great Lakes area Native peoples reinforce the idea that gorgets were important in the sacred and social life of the makers.

Ojibwa Pictography: The Origins of Writing and the Rise of Social Complexity
Volume:  OA75
Year:  2003
Author:  JOAN M. VASTOKAS
Page Range:  3 – 16
Abstract:  Epigraphers tracing the origins of writing in human history have traditionally identified alphabetical systems as the only form of true writing and pictorial systems as an entirely separate category on the basis that the former communicated the precision of speech while the latter communicated meaning in only a general way without the intervention of spoken language. An investigation of Ojibwa pictography argues against any clear separation between word and image and validates the argument of some recent epigraphers that pictorial and other semasiographic systems should be recognized as forms of writing. This paper distinguishes the iconic imagery of rock art from the more structured narrative imagery of the bark scrolls.The latter functioned as narrative texts and were used, stored, read, and cherished by the Ojibwa in much the same way as the holy books of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. This paper argues for a continuum in the history of writing between pictorial and phonetic writing and a parallelism between the emergence of social complexity and the origins of alphabetical systems.

On the Nature of Archaeology in the Ottawa Area and Archaeological Mysteries
Volume:  OA75
Year:  2003
Author:  JEAN-LUC PILON
Page Range:  17 – 28
Abstract:  Scientific discourse usually takes place within the pages of journals published by scholarly societies. The goal is to create a corpus of information that can be referred to and added to by later research. A recently rediscovered, unsigned newspaper article published days following the excavation of the Ottawa Ossuary by Dr. Edward Van Cortlandt shares some points with Dr. Van Cortlandt’s own account published in the Canadian Journal of 1853. While there are clear similarities between the two documents, there are also important differences that are not easily reconciled. This instance reminds us of the importance of publications of record published by learned societies. It also cautions us against the uncritical acceptance of unverifiable information.

Henry Montgomery, PhD (1849-1919): Professor of Archaeologic Geology
Volume:  OA75
Year:  2003
Author:  MIMA KAPCHES
Page Range:  29 – 37
Abstract:  No Abstract

Early Works: Preliminary Glimpses of the First Military Complex at Point Henry, Kingston, Ontario, 1812-1827
Volume:  OA76
Year:  2003
Author:  HENRY CARY
Page Range:  4 – 22
Abstract:  In the first months of the War of 1812, work parties of Canadian militia and British regulars began clearing and fortifying the high ground of Point Henry, Kingston, Ontario. Over the next several years, the temporary works were expanded and improved to become a large military complex and the chief depot for Upper Canada. However, in the late 1820s, plans were drafted to replace the existing fort with a masonry citadel; construction for the new fortification would be so extensive that by mid-century most traces of the original structures were completely removed. Evidence of the sites earliest occupation would not re-emerge until the mid 1990s, when archaeological testing uncovered foundations pre-dating the second Fort Henry. Since then, historical research and excavations by Parks Canada have revealed more about the first forts boundaries, architecture, and something of its builders and garrison. This essay presents some preliminary glimpses of the first Point Henry complex and discusses areas with potential for future research.

Excavations at Fort Frederick, Kingston: Insights into the Design and Structural Development
Volume:  OA76
Year:  2003
Author:  MICHAEL G. BERRY
Page Range:  23 – 32
Abstract:  This paper presents the results of excavations at Fort Frederick (BbGc-43), a British military fortification constructed to defend the Kingston Navy Dockyard at Point Frederick, Kingston. Excavation and archival research resulted in the finding of structures dating to the first phase of occupation at Fort Frederick, first constructed during the War of 1812 and lasting until 1846. Evaluation of the structural finds in tandem with archival documents allowed for the interpretation of specific use areas and the identification of the earliest fortification structures. The interpretive value of the archaeological data was hampered by the disturbance around the blockhouse structure, which had been excavated by amateurs during the late 1960s.

The Naval Cottages and Fort Henry Garrison Hospital: Public Archaeology at Two of Kingston’s Military Sites
Volume:  OA76
Year:  2003
Author:  SUSAN M. BAZELY
Page Range:  33 – 53
Abstract:  Kingstons past is rich in historical detail, whether it be architectural, political or archaeological. The staff of the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation has drawn upon the archaeological collections to develop public access to the history and archaeology of the area with the view to promote and preserve the past. In addition to a variety of workshops, the Foundation provides a well-established summer archaeology field school program. An overview of public archaeology will provide the framework for two of Kingstons military sites that have been investigated as part of this program. The Naval Cottages at the Royal Naval Dockyard, now the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), and the Fort Henry Garrison Hospital have both revealed the process of archaeology and provided insight into the past at both of these sites for the public. They have also helped to shape and refine the Foundations approach to public archaeology.

The Pivot of Defence of Upper Canada: An Overview and Structural History of Fort Henry
Volume:  OA76
Year:  2003
Author:  BOB GARCIA
Page Range:  54 – 63
Abstract:  Fort Henrys design was the result of almost ten years of planning on the part of the Royal Engineers that culminated in 1829. The fort, constructed between 1832 and 1848, was to be the citadel of a system of fortifications intended to make Kingston the focal point for the defence of Upper Canada. The paper will look at aspects of the structural history of the fort, the only redoubt of the 1829 scheme to be built. Of particular note was Fort Henrys greatest enemy — water infiltration of its casemates caused by a flawed design not suitable for the harsh Canadian climate. The Royal Engineers, and later the Canadians, have fought an ongoing siege against the elements, which have continued to have a serious impact on the fort to this day.

Keeping a Low Profile: An Archaeological Perspective on the Building of Fort Henry
Volume:  OA76
Year:  2003
Author:  JOSEPH H. LAST
Page Range:  64 – 76
Abstract:  After five seasons of excavation at Fort Henry, we are beginning to understand the complexities of the 1832 construction and marvel at the scope of its undertaking. Foreshadowing later nineteenth century military thinking, the fortification design was both innovative and unique. As a hybrid between the earlier Italian/French bastioned trace and the Prussian polygonal system, it is an uncommon 1830s military work. The stealth-like nature of its profile also links Fort Henry to later fortification development. This paper discusses the nature of the fort construction, examines the magnitude of the enterprise, and suggests reasons for its advanced design.

A Selective Glossary of Nineteenth Century Fortification Terms
Volume:  OA76
Year:  2003
Author:  JOSEPH H. LAST
Page Range:  77 – 80
Abstract:  This glossary is provided to assist Ontario Archaeology readers who might be unfamiliar with nineteenth century military terms. Engineers developed a specialized vocabulary over a period of four centuries to describe elements of defensive works. Armed with a common language, military engineers could effectively convey their ideas regarding modifications and improvements in fort design. Consisting of Italian, French, and English expressions, the terminology illustrates the lineage of fortification theory, highlights the preoccupation with defence-in-depth, and identifies the primary countries that made the business of nineteenth century fortifications both an art and a science.

A Celebration of the Career of Dr. Marti Latta
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Patricia Reed
Page Range:  3-9
Abstract:  As one of the first women who were professional archaeologists in Canada, Marti Latta has been a role model and inspiration to subsequent generations of students. Her efforts, though teaching at the University of Toronto and her work on behalf of the OAS, have left their mark on the discipline of Ontario archaeology and on hundreds of the people who have been involved in it.

An Archaeological Generation: View From the New Millennium
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  M. A. Latta
Page Range:  10-14
Abstract:  A personal perspective of Ontario archaeology is offered, particularly of archaeological education, during the past 40 years.

Organising Canada’s Aboriginal History: Dr. Martha Latta’s Legacy: a Reflective Account
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Sheryl A. Smith
Page Range:  15-21
Abstract:  In the late 1970s, Dr. Martha Latta was part of the “new wave” of Canadian-trained archaeologists who cared passionately about understanding the unwritten past. She conducted a review of pre-contact and contact period archaeological sites in Ontario for Parks Canada’s Ontario Region in order to present a list of sites to the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada (HSMBC) for consideration for potential national significance. Her approach was to consider environmental circumstances and technological advancements that could be traced through time and to sort and organize the data using these lenses. Dr. Latta’s work resulted in two staff reports for the HSMBC that represented attempts to achieve consensus among researchers about sites in Northern and Southern Ontario. They presented a thematic culture history approach to Ontario’s Aboriginal history. Other regions of the country were subsequently encouraged to pursue thematic approaches as well. The revised National Historic Sites System Plan for Canada (published in 2000) was the ultimate beneficiary of her early work.

Some Thoughts on the Impact of Epidemic Disease and European Contact on Ceramic Production in Seventeenth Century Huronia
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Holly Martelle
Page Range:  22-44
Abstract:  This paper provides an overview of the contributions of Martha Latta to the study of Huron women’s pottery production in the seventeenth century and offers some preliminary thoughts on the impact of European contact on the manufacture and use of earthenware vessels. The high quality of contact-period vessels, as well as their elaborate and standardized forms, is explained as a consequence of the emergence of pottery specialists. Specialization is described as a form of task differentiation whereby a small number of women are producing vessels for a large communal group. Such an arrangement would have been an efficient way to organize labour in light of women’s increasingly heavy agricultural and food processing work loads following the intensification of European trade. A temporary decline in the quality of pottery is noted for the epidemic period and some consideration is given to understanding the degree to which trade kettles replaced traditional earthenwares. My goal is to identify major trends in vessel design and manufacture and relate them to changes in socio-economic circumstances brought about by the intensification of Native-European interaction and trade.

A Preliminary Investigation into the Origin and Development of Ceramic Castellations in Ontario
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Jenneth E. Curtis
Page Range:  45-61
Abstract:  Castellations, upward projections from vessel rims, are prominent features on Late Woodland ceramics. Through a combination of literature research and ceramic analysis this paper initiates an exploration of the origin and development of castellations in Ontario. Early castellation shapes are identified and the nature of their decoration is examined. The elaboration of castellation shapes and decorations over time is then traced through Middle and Late Woodland assemblages from across the province.

Recreating Home? A Consideration of Refugees, Microstyles and Frilled Pottery in Huronia
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Alicia L. Hawkins
Page Range:  62-80
Abstract:  This paper revisits explanations for the presence of large quantities of frilled pottery at certain seventeenth century Wendat sites. It considers the ways in which the traditional Wenro refugee explanations are problematic. An analysis of decorative microstyles is outlined, with the goal of determining whether pots from BeGx-25 (identified in the literature as Ossossané village) both with and without frills, were decorated by the same potters. The relationship between forced migration and material culture is examined and a second explanation for the presence of frilled pottery is offered. The results of this analysis are considered in light of what is known of how contemporary refugees manipulate material culture.

A Brief Historical Retrospective of Investigations of Archaic to Contact Period Copper-based Metal Artifacts in Northeastern North America
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  L.M. Anselmi
Page Range:  81-94
Abstract:  The use of native or pure copper and European-introduced copper-based metals in the production of ornamental and utilitarian forms by First Nations groups has long been recognized in Ontario and the broader northeastern North America region. This paper presents a brief review of some of the projects that have examined these artifacts and the use of metal materials beginning with Sir Daniel Wilson’s investigations in the late 1800s of native copper used by Archaic groups and ending with recent research into the use of European-introduced copper-based metals by First Nations groups during the early and middle contact periods undertaken at the University of Toronto. In particular, this paper highlights Martha A. Latta’s role in these latter studies, many of which have been completed by graduate students under her supervision.

The Hutchinson Site: A Place to Prepare for the Final Journey
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author: David A. Robertson
Page Range:  95-120
Abstract:  Located on a tributary of the Rouge River in Scarborough, the fourteenth-century Hutchinson site was occupied by two comparatively small households, either simultaneously or at different times, but there is little evidence to suggest that it served a particularly focussed economic role within the broader subsistence-settlement system of the larger community. Rather, the most outstanding feature of the settlement is the quantity of human remains found in the occupation area and in its immediate surroundings, relative to the number of people likely to have lived there at any given time. Treatment of the bodies of the dead, prior to their ultimate burial in the community ossuary, thus appears to have been the prime activity carried out at the site. It appears that the site represents a cemetery similar to those described in the ethnohistoric sources of the seventeenth century but seldom encountered in the archaeological record of south-central Ontario. The patterns uncovered at the Hutchinson site provide insights into aspects of Middle Iroquoian mortuary practice, community formation and, perhaps, the maintenance of identity within the community.

Hurons in an Algonquian Land
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  William A. Fox and Charles Garrad
Page Range:  121-134
Abstract:  Archaeological and ethnohistoric data from the Great Lakes region are assembled in an attempt to situate the Algonquian residents of the southern Georgian Bay littoral region in what has come to be defined as a classic Iroquoian homeland — Huronia. The evidence presented suggests that Algonquian-speaking groups occupied this area for millennia prior to the arrival of Iroquoian agriculturalists, and that they continued to reside in the area up until the mid-seventeenth century. It is suggested that the conundrum of their “invisibility” in the archaeological record is due to a shared material culture with their Iroquoian neighbours but that their presence can be detected when a range of archaeological evidence is considered beyond a stereotypical perception of Algonquian culture, as discussed by Latta (1987:181).

Lower Great Lakes Region Maize and Enchainment in the First Millennium AD
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Scott W. J. Martin
Page Range:  135-159
Abstract:  In this paper, I suggest that maize spread through the Lower Great Lakes region as part of the largely cooperative projects of women, who were symbolically interlinked with peers and relatives across the landscape. The mechanism behind this relational networking is presented as enchainment, the reconstruction of human identities through the transmission of materials. I see maize as having been taken up within the context of local traditions of broad-based subsistence and wide-reaching adoption and exchange of materials. The available data suggest that maize was not simply, or not only, taken up within the competitive feasting campaigns or conspicuous displays of élites, nor was it transferred in a clearly and formally sacred or ceremonial system that swept through the region. Instead, maize appears to have been taken on by persons as a material that straddled the designations “food” and “artifact.

Preliminary Analysis of Carbonized Macro-botanical Remains from Petun Sites in Grey and Simcoe Counties, Ontario
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Rodolphe David Fecteau
Page Range:  160-170
Abstract:  This paper summarizes analyses of carbonized macro-botanical remains recovered from the excavation of Petun sites located in Grey and Simcoe counties by Charles Garrad, Petun Research Institute as well as botanical archaeological collections amassed by other researchers. Preliminary findings show that agriculture was well established among the Petun in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries and included maize, bean, squash and sunflower. Maize of the typical Eastern Complex or eight-row form was the most abundant food plant represented. This is similar to the findings in Huronia and on other Ontario Late Woodland sites. Native seed and charred wood assemblages suggest that Petun communities had access to resources from local environments that were similar to resources used by their Huron neighbours. Chemical analysis of pipe dottle suggests that tobacco was also used.

Célébration de la carrière de Mme Marti Latta, D.Ph.
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Patricia Reed
Page Range:  3-9
Abstract:  À titre de l’une des premières femmes à devenir archéologue professionnelle au Canada, Marti Latta est devenue un modèle et une inspiration aux générations subséquentes d’étudiants. Ses efferts, par l’enseignement à l’université de Toronto et son travail au nom de la OAS, ont laissé des marques sur la discipline en archéologie en Ontario et sur des centaines de gens qui y ont été impliqués.

Une génération d’archéologues: Vue depuis le nouveau millénaire
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  M..E. Latta
Page Range:  10-14
Abstract:  On offre une perspective personnelle de l’archéologie en Ontario, particulièrement de l’éducation en archéologie, au cours des 40 dernières années.

L’organisation de l’histoire des Autochtones du Canada
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Sheryl A. Smith
Page Range:  15-21
Abstract:  Dans les dernières années de 1970, Martha Latta, D.Ph., a fait partie de la “nouvelle vague” des archéologues qui, formés au Canada, se passionnaient pour la compréhension du passé non-écrit. à la demande de Parcs Canada, région de l’Ontario, elle a fait une revue des sites archéologiques ontariens datant de la période pré-contact et de la période de contact dans le but de compiler une liste de sites susceptibles de revêtir un potentiel national important aux yeux de la Commission des lieux et monuments historiques du Canada (HSMBC). Son approche devait mettre en valeur les conditions environnementales et les progrès technologiques qu’on pouvait retracer dans le temps; et de sélectionner et d’organiser les données conformément à ces paramètres. Le travail de Mme Latta a donné naissance à deux rapports du personnel à l’intention des Sites Historiques, rapports qui représentaient les efforts déployés pour obtenir un consensus parmi les chercheurs au sujet des sites situés dans le nord et le sud de l’Ontario. Ils présentaient une approche thématique culturelle à l’histoire des Autochtones de l’Ontario. Les autres régions de la province ont été subséquemment invitées à poursuivre aussi des approches thématiques. Le plan systématique des Sites historiques nationaux pour le Canada (publié en 2000) a été le bénéficiaire ultime de ses premiers travaux.

Quelques idées eu égard à l’impact des épidémies et du contact européen sur la production de la céramique en Huronie au dix-septième siècle.
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Holly Martelle
Page Range:  22-44
Abstract:  J’ai lu attentivement les études de Martha Latta quant à la production de la poterie par les femmes huronnes au dix-septième siècle et j’offre quelques idées préliminaires concernant l’impact du contact européen face à la manufacture et à l’usage des vases en terre cuite. On croit que la haute qualité des vases produits à la période de contact, ainsi que leurs formes élaborées et standardisées, s’explique par l’émergence de potiers spécialistes (quelques femmes produisant des vases pour une bonne partie de la communauté). La spécialisation aurait été une façon efficace d’organiser le travail communautaire là où en raison de l’intensification du commerce européen, le processus agricole et le traitement de la nourriture reposaient de plus en plus lourdement sur les épaules des femmes. La qualité de la poterie a décliné temporairement durant la période de l’épidémie et je considère à quel point les chaudrons de commerce ont remplacé les pots en terre cuite traditionnels. Mon but est d’identifié les tendances majeures qui ont marqué la conception et la manufacture des vases, et de les relier aux changements des conditions socio-économiques engendrés par l’intensification de l’interaction et du commerce Autochtones-Européens.

Une étude préliminaire de l’origine et du développement des crestellations sur les poteries en Ontario
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Joseph E. Curtis
Page Range:  45-61
Abstract:  Les crestellations, projections vers le haut situées sur le bord des vases, caractérisent les poteries du Sylvicole récent. Dans cet article, la recherche dans la littérature et l’analyse de la céramique mènent à une exploration de l’origine et du développement des crestellations en Ontario. On identifie les anciennes formes des crestellations et on examine la nature de leurs décorations. On retrace ainsi l’évolution des formes des crestellations et des décorations dans le temps dans les assemblages du Sylvicole moyen et récent répartis dans toute la province.

Reconstruire son chez-soi? Une considération des réfugiés, des microstyles et de la poterie ondulée en Huronie
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Alicia L. Hawkins
Page Range:  62-80
Abstract:  Cet article révise les explications qui ont justifié la présence d’une grande quantité de poteries ondulées (ondulations apparaissant sous le parement) dans certains sites wendat du dix-septième siècle. On considère les raisons pour lesquelles les explications classique faisant appel à des réfugiés wenro sont problématiques. On délimite l’analyse des microstyles décoratifs dans le but de déterminer si les vases, avec ou sans ondulations, provenant de GeGx-25 (identifié dans la littérature comme le village Ossossané), ont été décorés par les mêmes potiers. On examine les liens susceptibles d’exister entre les migrations forcées et la culture matérielle et on propose une deuxième explication pour justifier la présence de la poterie ondulée. On considère les résultats de cette analyse à la lumière de ce qu’on connaît des manipulations de la culture matérielle de la part des réfugiés contemporains.

Une brève rétrospective historique des études concernant les objets en métal à base de cuivre depuis l’Archaïque jusqu’à la période de contact dans le nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  L.M Anselmi
Page Range:  81-94
Abstract:  En Ontario et dans toute la région nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord, on a depuis longtemps reconnu que les groupes des Premières Nations ont utilisé le cuivre natif, ou pur, et les métaux à base de cuivre introduits par les Européens pour fabriquer des objets ornementaux et utilitaires. Cet article présente une brève revue de quelques projets qui ont examiné ce genre d’objets à la lumière de l’usage des métaux. On débute par les enquêtes menées, dans les dernières années de 1800, par Sr Daniel Wilson concernant le cuivre natif utilisé par les Archaïques et on termine avec les recherches récentes entreprises par l’université de Toronto, recherches qui se rapportent à l’utilisation, par les groupes des Premières Nations, des métaux à base de cuivre introduits par les Européens durant les périodes de contact ancienne et moyenne. Cet article souligne en particulier le rôle qu’a joué Martha A. Latta dans ces dernières études, dont plusieurs ont été complétées par des étudiants gradués sous sa supervision.

Le site Hutchison: un lieu de préparation au voyage ultime
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  David A. Robertson
Page Range:  95-120
Abstract:  Situé sur un affluent de la rivière Rouge à Scarborough, le site Hutchinson remontant au quatorzième siècle a été occupé par deux familles relativement petites, soit en même temps ou à des moments différents, mais le témoignage ne nous permet pas de croire que ce site jouait un rôle économique particulièrement important. La caractéristique exceptionnelle de l’établissement se trouve dans la quantité des restes humains décelés dans la région occupée et dans son entourage immédiat, comparativement au nombre d’individus à y avoir vraisemblablement vécu à n’importe quel moment. L’activité principale qui s’est déroulée sur site a été le traitement des cadavres des défunts, antérieurement à leur enterrement final dans l’ossuaire communautaire. Le site représente un cimetière similaire à ceux décrits dans les sources ethnohistoriques du dix-septième siècle mais rarement rencontrés dans l’enregistrement archéologique du centre-sud l’Ontario. Les ensembles mis au jour au site Hutchinson permettent d’approfondir notre compréhension des pratiques mortuaires middle-iroquoiennes, de la formation de la communauté et, peut-être, du maintien de l’identité à l’intérieur de la communauté.

Hurons en territoire algonquien
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  William A. Fox et Charles Garrad
Page Range:  121-134
Abstract:  La compilation des données archéologiques et ethnohistoriques provenant de la région des Grands Lacs vise à situer les résidents algonquiens dans la région riveraine du sud de la baie Georgienne, région qui a fini par être appelée la patrie des Iroquoiens classiques – la Huronie. L’enregistrement laisse croire que des groupes de locution algonquienne ont occupé cette région pendant des millénaires avant l’arrivé des agriculteurs iroquoiens, et qu’ils ont continué à y résider jusqu’à la moitié du dix-septième siècle. On suggère que l’énigme de leur “invisibilité” dans l’enregistrement archéologique est dû au partage de leur culture matérielle avec leurs voisins iroquoiens mais que leur présence peut cependant être détecté quand on considère un éventail de témoignages archéologiques au-delà d’une perception stéréotypée de la culture algonquienne, tel que discuté par Latta (1987:181).

Le maïs et son impact dans la région des Bas-Grands-Lacs au premier millénaire ap. J-C.
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Scott W.J. Martin
Page Range:  135-159
Abstract:  Dans cet article, je suggère que le maïs s’est propagé dans la région des Bas-Grands-Lacs comme un élément qui faisait généralement partie des projets coopératifs des femmes symboliquement interreliées à leurs pairs et à leurs parents proches et éloignés. Le mécanisme à la base ce réseautage de gens apparentés se présente comme un enchaînement, à savoir la reconstitution des identités humaines par la transmission des matériaux. Je vois le maïs comme un élément faisant partie des traditions locales liées à un mode de subsistance à base élargie, à une adoption à grande échelle et à un échange de matériaux. Les données disponibles laissent croire que le maïs n’était pas simplement, ou pas seulement, transmis par la voie des campagnes compétitives des fêtes ou par l’étalage indiscret des élites, ni n’a été transféré grâce à un système clairement et formellement sacré qui aurait balayé la région. Au contraire, le maïs apparaît avoir été accepté par des individus comme un élément qui enjambait les désignations “nourriture” et “objet”.

L’analyse préliminaire des macro-restes botaniques carbonisés provenant de sites pétuns dans les comtés Grey et Simcoe, Ontario
Volume:  OA77/78
Year:  2004
Author:  Rodolphe David Fecteau
Page Range:  160-170
Abstract:  Cet article récapitule les analyses des macro-restes botaniques carbonisés recueillis lors des fouilles de sites pétuns situés dans les comtés Grey et Simcoe par Charles Garrad, Institut de recherche sur les Pétuns, ainsi que les macro-restes présents dans des collections botaniques archéologiques accumulés par d’autres chercheurs. Les observations préliminaires révèlent que l’agriculture, bien établie chez les Pétuns à la fin du seizième siècle et au début du dix-septième, comprenait le maïs, les haricots, la courge et le tournesol. Le maïs typique des complexes orientaux, ou à huit rangées de grains, a été la plante nutritive la plus abondante. Ce résultat correspond assez étroitement aux conclusions des recherches menées en Huronie et sur d’autres sites du Sylvicole récent en Ontario. Les assemblages des semences natives et des bois calcinés permettent de croire que les communautés de Pétuns avaient, dans leur région, accès à des ressources environnementales similaires aux ressources utilisées par leurs voisins hurons. L’analyse chimique des résidus présents dans la cheminée des pipes laisse croire que le tabac était aussi en usage.

A Review of Northern Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts: A Search for Meaning
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Ronald F. Williamson and Annie Veilleux
Page Range:  3-37
Abstract:  The Northern Iroquoian practice of producing finely etched designs on bone and antler tools is examined in the context of conveying symbolic messages, some of which were communicated both privately and publicly. This paper presents the results of a review of the archaeological literature, which focused on both the symbolism inherent in the designs and the ideological roles in society of the animals from which the artifacts were produced. Tables of provenience and descriptive attribute data are provided for each class of artifact as well as a summary of the highlights and trends in decoration for each.

Une analyse d’artefacts décorés en os et en bois de cervidés des Iroquoiens du nord
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Ronald F. Williamson and Annie Veilleux
Page Range:  3-37
Abstract:  La pratique des Iroquoiens du nord de créer des motifs finement gravés sur des outils en os et en bois de cervidés est examinée dans le contexte de communication de messages symboliques, soit privément ou publiquement. Cet article présente les résultats d’une analyse de la littérature archéologique, qui c’est concentrée sur le symbolisme inhérent des motifs, ainsi que sur les rôles sociétaux des animaux desquels les artefacts furent produits. Des tableaux de provenance et d’attributs descriptifs sont présentés pour chaque classes d’artefacts, ainsi qu’un résumé de leurs faits saillants et de leurs tendances décoratives.

Glimpsed through the Smoke: A Survey of Two-dimensional Figurative Imagery on Woodland Period Smoking Pipes from Southern Ontario
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  David A. Robertson
Page Range:  38-62
Abstract:  Late Woodland smoking pipes of the of the Great Lakes region, especially those which incorporate modeled and sculpted “effigy” figures, have long been recognized as media of great artistic accomplishment and symbolic expression. Such pipes, depending upon context, are generally understood as belonging to the realm of the sacred, be they interpreted as evocations of clan totems or cosmological entities. A much smaller number of pipes bear esoteric two-dimensional figural motifs executed through the use of incised or punctate techniques. Many of these symbols and compositions have counterparts in the lexicons of “rock art”, the scrolls of the Midéwiwin, or other forms of eastern Woodlands graphic art. This paper presents a review of two-dimensional imagery that was deemed suitable for reproduction and display, whatever the context in which this may have occurred, found on pipes from a limited number of Late Woodland sites, many of which are located on the frontiers between the Iroquoian groups of southern Ontario and their northern and western Algonquian neighbours.

Entrevu à travers la fumée : une analyse d’imagerie figurative en deux dimensions sur les pipes de la période Sylvicole du sud de l’Ontario
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  David A. Robertson
Page Range:  38-62
Abstract:  Les pipes du Sylvicole supérieur de la région des Grands Lacs, particulièrement celles qui comportent des figures « effigies » modelées et sculptées, ont pour longtemps été reconnue comme un exemple de grand accomplissement artistique et d’expression symbolique. Dépendant du contexte, il est généralement entendue que ces pipes appartiennent au domaine du sacrée, qu’elles soient interprétées comme évocations de totems de clans ou d’entités cosmologiques. Un plus petit nombre de pipes comportent des motifs ésotériques de figures en deux dimensions exécutées par l’utilisation de techniques d’incisions ou de ponctuations. Plusieurs de ces symboles et ces compositions ont des homologues dans les lexiques de « l’art rupestre », des rouleaux d’écorces des Midéwiwin, ou d’autres formes d’art graphique du Sylvicole de l’est. Cet article présente les résultats d’une analyse de l’imagerie en deux dimensions qui était considéré approprié pour être reproduit et exposé, peu importe le contexte, retrouvé sur les pipes d’un nombre limité de sites du Sylvicole supérieur. Plusieurs de ces sites sont situés sur la frontière entre les groupes iroquoiens du sud de l’Ontario et leurs voisins algonkiens au nord et à l’ouest.

Etched In Stone: Ground Stone as a Symbolic Medium
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Martin Cooper
Page Range:  63-72
Abstract:  Visual renderings on stone appear occasionally in the archaeological record providing a rare glimpse into the abstractions and ideas of their creators. This paper reviews the occurrences of these objects in the Great Lakes region and attempts to identify stylistic patterns and their associated symbolic meaning. These are viewed within the context of both the anthropological and Aboriginal iconographic interpretations of pictographs and petroglyphs found throughout the Canadian Shield.

Iroquois Ceramic Iconography: New Evidence from the Oneida Vaillancourt Site
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Anthony Wonderley
Page Range:  73-87
Abstract:  This paper is an inquiry into the possible meaning of human-like imagery found on certain Iroquois pottery from the late 1400s to the mid 1600s. In the case of one Iroquois ceramic tradition examined in detail, that of the Oneidas in present upstate New York, an anthropomorphic subject received increasing elaboration over time, most obviously by adding bodies to faces. Post-cranial body parts were represented by indented clay ribbons, limb-like elements resembling two other forms of plastic decoration in the Northeast. Both of those designs, the ladder effigy and the corn-ear motif, recently were identified at the Oneida Vaillancourt site (ca. 1525-1555). Since the effigy face developed into a complete figure at precisely the same archaeological moment, it appears likely the corn-ear and ladder contributed to the symbolic synthesis. I propose the same conceptual process was occurring in the pottery of St. Lawrence Iroquoians some distance to the north. Applying the direct historical method, I also suggest the Iroquois effigy imagery connoted corn and, possibly, made reference to mythological cornhusk people associated with bountiful crops.

Iconographie céramique iroquoise : nouvelles preuves du site oneida Vaillancourt
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Anthony Wonderley
Page Range:  73-87
Abstract:  Cet article est une enquête dans la signification possible d’imagerie humanoïde retrouvé sur certaine poterie iroquoise qui date de la fin du XIVe siècle au milieu du XVIe siècle. La tradition céramique du peuple oneida du nord de l’État actuel de New York est examiné en détail. Cette tradition a vu une élaboration croissante d’un sujet anthropomorphique avec le temps, ce qui évident par l’addition de corps aux faces. Façonné de rubans de terre cuite dentelés, la représentation des membres est semblable à deux autres formes de décoration plastique dans le nord-est. Ces deux motifs décoratifs, en échelle et en épi de maïs, ont récemment été identifié au site oneida Vaillancourt (ca. 1525-1555). Puisque la face effigie c’est développé dans une figure complète au même moment archéologique, il serait probable que l’épi de maïs et l’échelle ont contribué à cette synthèse symbolique. Je propose que ce même processus conceptuel était en marche dans la poterie des Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent plus au nord. En appliquant la méthode historique directe, je suggère aussi que les images utilisés en effigie par les Iroquois connotaient le maïs et faisait possiblement référence au peuple mythologique associé aux spathes de maïs et aux corvées abondantes.

Gravé sur pierre : pierre polie comme moyen symbolique
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Martin Cooper
Page Range:  63-72
Abstract:  Les interprétations visuelles sur pierre, qui apparaissent occasionnellement dans le record archéologique, offrent un aperçu rare dans les abstractions et les idées de leurs créateurs. Cet article examine la présence de ces objets dans la région des Grands Lacs et tente d’identifier des motifs stylistiques ainsi que leurs significations symboliques. Ces objets sont examinés dans le contexte d’une interprétation anthropologique ainsi qu’autochtone de l’iconographie rupestre retrouvée au travers du Bouclier canadien.

Turtles from Turtle Island: An Archaeological Perspective from Iroquoia
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Robert J. Pearce
Page Range:  88-108
Abstract:  Iroquoians believe their world, Turtle Island, was created on the back of the mythological Turtle. Archaeologically, there is abundant evidence throughout Iroquoia that the turtle was highly symbolic, not only of “Turtle Island” but also of the Turtle clan, which was preeminent among all the Iroquoian clans. Complete turtles were modified into rattles, turtle shells and bones were utilized in a variety of symbolic ways, and turtle images were graphically depicted in several media. This paper explores the symbolic treatments and uses of the turtle in eastern North America, which date back to the Archaic period and evolved into the mythologies of linguistically and culturally diverse groups, including the Iroquoians, Algonkians (Anishinaabeg) and Sioux.

Tortues de « Turtle Island » : une perspective archéologique de l’Iroquoisie
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Robert J. Pearce
Page Range:  88-108
Abstract:  Les Iroquoiens croient que leur monde, « Turtle Island », fut crée sur le dos de l’être mythologique, Tortue. D’après les preuves abondantes dans le record archéologique de l’Iroquoisie, la tortue était fort symbolique, non seulement de « Turtle Island » mais aussi du clan de la Tortue, clan prééminent chez les Iroquoiens. Des tortues complètes étaient modifiés en hochets, les carapaces et les os étaient symboliquement utilisées de différentes façons, et des images de tortue étaient graphiquement représentées dans plusieurs médias. Cet article explore le traitement symbolique et l’utilisation de la tortue dans l’est nord-américain, qui tire son origine de la période archaïque et qui c’est développé dans la mythologie de groupes linguistiquement et culturellement variés, notamment les Iroquoiens, les Algonquins (Anishnaabeg) et les Sioux.

The Gottschall Site: 3500 years of Ideological Continuity and Change
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Robert J. Salzer
Page Range:  109-114
Abstract:  The Gottschall Rockshelter, located in southwestern Wisconsin, has been excavated for more than twenty years, resulting in discoveries that are far greater in number and significance than the size of this small sandstone rockshelter would suggest. For at least 1700 years, the “cave” was the site of ritual activities. Excavated data allow us to define a “core ritual” that was performed during the period from at least 500 B.C. until about A.D. 1100. Those rituals are described. The implications of the associated culture history and change in local, regional and broader events in eastern North American prehistory are explored.

Le site Gottschall : continuité et changement idéologique au cours de 3500 ans
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Robert J. Salzer
Page Range:  109-114
Abstract:  Les fouilles au Gottschall Rockshelter, situé au sud-ouest du Wisconsin, au cours des vingt dernières années, ont abouti en de nombreuses découvertes, surpassant le montant et la signification que suggéreraient la grosseur de cette petite grotte de grès. Cette “caverne” était un site d’activités rituelles pour au moins 1700 ans. Les données archéologiques nous permettent d’identifier un « rituel de base » qui fut pratiqué durant la période d’entre environ 500 av. J.-C. et 1100 apr. J.-C. Ces rituels sont décris. Les implications de l’histoire culturelle et de la transformation des événements au niveau local, régional et au-delà dans l’est nord-américain sont examinées.

Contradictions as a Source of Historical Perspective: Examples from the Symbolism of Camp Circles and Sacred Poles
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Robert L. Hall
Page Range:  115-126
Abstract:  When using historical ethnography and the comparative method it can be gratifying to find close correspondences of ritual elements between the cultures being studied. Contradictions, on the other hand, can sometimes also be useful, although such contradictions may require broad interregional comparisons and deep-time perspectives for their resolution. Examples discussed or referenced include the Omaha and Osage camp circles, the Ponca Sun Dance, the Sacred Pole of the Omahas, the bear sacrifice of the Munsee-Mahicans, the crook lances of the Dog Soldiers of the Great Plains, and the North Star bundle of the Skiri Pawnee.

Contradictions comme source de perspective historique : exemples à partir du symbolisme des cercles de camps et des mâts sacrés
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  Robert L. Hall
Page Range:  115-126
Abstract:  Quand on utilise une ethnographie historique et la méthode comparative, il est agréable de découvrir une correspondance proche d’éléments rituels entre deux cultures. D’autre part, une contradiction peut aussi être utile, même si la résolution de certaines contradictions exige des comparaisons interrégionales génériques et des perspectives à temps profond. Cet article examine ou mentionne certains exemples, y compris les cercles de camps des Omahas et des Osages, la danse du soleil des Poncas, le mât sacré des Omahas, le sacrifice de l’ours des Munsee-Mahicans, les lances des soldats chiens des Grandes Plaines, et le ballot sacré de l’étoile polaire des Skiri Pawnee.

Rattlesnake Tales
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  George Hamell and William A. Fox
Page Range:  127-149
Abstract:  Archaeological evidence from the Northeast and from selected Mississippian sites is presented and combined with ethnographic, historic and linguistic data to investigate the symbolic significance of the rattlesnake to Northeastern Native groups. The authors argue that the rattlesnake is, chief and foremost, the pre-eminent shaman with a (gourd) medicine rattle attached to his tail. A strong and pervasive association of serpents, including rattlesnakes, with lightning and rainfall is argued to have resulted in a drought-related ceremonial expression among the Ontario Iroquois from c. A.D. 1200 -1450.

Histoires de serpent à sonnettes
Volume:  OA79/80
Year:  2005
Author:  George Hamell and William A. Fox
Page Range:  127-149
Abstract:  Des preuves archéologiques du nord-est et de certains sites mississippiens sont présentées. En combinant ces preuves avec des données ethnographiques, historiques et linguistiques, on tente d’examiner la signification symbolique du serpent à sonnettes chez les peuples autochtones du nord-est. Les auteurs argumentent que le serpent à sonnettes est, tout d’abord, le chaman prééminent avec un hochet du guérisseur (courge) attaché à sa queue. On soutient qu’une association forte et envahissante entre le serpent, y compris le serpent à sonnettes, et la foudre et la pluie, est le résultat d’une expression cérémonielle relié à la sécheresse chez les Iroquoiens de l’Ontario entre 1200 et 1450 apr. J.-C.

Discussion: Perspectives on Symbolism from the Northeast and Midwest
Volume:  OA79-80
Year:  2005
Author:  Vastokas, Joan N.
Page Range:  150-153
Abstract:  none

Champlain’s Portage from Muskrat Lake to the Ottawa River
Volume:  OA81/82
Year:  2006
Author:  David J.A. Croft
Page Range:  3-12
Abstract:  A study of topographic maps and aerial photographs support the accuracy of Champlain’s records of camps and portage routes during his short trip in the Ottawa Valley. In 1613, Champlain travelled from a location near present-day Cobden on Muskrat Lake to Lower Allumette Lake, a widening of the Ottawa River near present-day Pembroke. The accuracy of Champlain’s recorded distances and routes have been questioned. In the twentieth century, historians confused by Champlain’s geographical and metric records came to erroneous published conclusions, which this study refutes.

Le portage de Champlain du lac Muskrat à la rivière des Outaouais
Volume:  OA81/82
Year:  2006
Author:  David J.A. Croft
Page Range:  3-12
Abstract:  Une étude de cartes topographiques et de photos aériennes supporte la précision des camps et des portages enregistrés par Champlain lors de son court séjour dans la vallée de l’Outaouais. En 1613, Champlain débuta son voyage près de la communauté actuelle de Cobden sur le lac Muskrat pour se rendre au lac aux Allumettes, un élargissement de la rivière des Outaouais près de la ville actuelle de Pembroke. La précision des distances et des routes documentées par Champlain a été questionnée par des historiens du XXe siècle. Cette étude réfute les conclusions erronées qui ont été publié par ces historiens confus par les records métriques et géographiques de Champlain.

Chert Raw Material Utilization at the Bark Site (BbGp-12), Peterborough County, Southern Ontario
Volume:  OA81/82
Year:  2006
Author:  Katie M. Biittner and Susan M. Jamieson
Page Range:  13-29
Abstract:  To understand how specific cherts were used in stone tool manufacture at the fifteenth century Bark site (BbGp-12), Peterborough County, Ontario, 164 artifacts from the chert assemblage are analysed for their raw material attributes. A combination of macroscopic, petrographic, and palynological analyses are used to identify the provenance of the most abundant chert types used by site inhabitants, assigning them to the Onondaga, Fossil Hill, and Upper Gull River Formations. We conclude, contra Eley and von Bitter (1989), that acritarch genus identification is not required to discriminate among these chert types. Instead, relative abundance of different palynomorph subgroups (based on morphology), and relative abundance of acritarchs versus other microfossils (chitinozoan, graptolite, scolecodont, and trilete spore fragments) are more significant identifying characteristics. The attribution of cherts to distant sources allows us to explore ideas about local kin-based access to high quality, exotic materials.

L’utilisation de matière première de silex au site Bark (BbGp-12), Comté de Peterborough, Ontario
Volume:  OA81/82
Year:  2006
Author:  Katie M. Biittner and Susan M. Jamieson
Page Range:  13-29
Abstract:  Afin de comprendre la façon dont certaine variété de silex était utilisé dans la fabrication d’outils de pierre au site Bark (BpGp-12), Comté de Peterborough, Ontario, les attributs des matières premières de 164 artefacts de l’ensemble d’objets de silex sont analysés. Une combinaison d’analyse macroscopique, pétrographique et palynologique est utilisé afin d’identifier la provenance des types de silex les plus utilisés par les habitants du site. Les formations Onondaga, Fossil Hill et Upper Gull River sont identifiées. Nous concluons, contra Eley et von Bitter (1989), que l’identification du genre acritarche n’est pas nécessaire pour différencier entre ces types de silex. Au contraire, des caractéristiques plus significatives sont l’abondance relative de différents sous-groupes palynomorphes (basé sur la morphologie), et l’abondance relative d’acritarches comparativement à d’autres microfossiles (spore de chitinozoan, de graptolite, de scolécodonte, et de trilète). L’attribution du silex à des sources lointaines nous permet d’explorer des thèmes comme l’accès aux matériaux exotiques de haute qualité par des groupes parentés locaux.

The Richardson Site Revisited: Examination of Plant Remains and Dates from a Late Pickering Site
Volume:  OA81/82
Year:  2006
Author:  Charlene Murphy
Page Range:  30-43
Abstract:  The Richardson site (BbGl-4) has proven difficult to place culturally and temporally within the Early Ontario Iroquoian tradition. In revisiting this problem, a sub-sample of unanalyzed water-screened material from the 1976 investigation was selected from features within Longhouse One and Midden One for examination and the recovered floral material was counted and identified. My results confirm those of Robert Pearce, who originally excavated the site, that maize was the only cultigen present. I conclude, however, that the site was most likely occupied only during the winter months and not, as previously thought, on a year-round basis. To clarify the temporal placement of the Richardson site two radiocarbon assays were performed. When calibrated and combined with the previous radiocarbon dates from the site, at least two occupations are suggested. Early Ontario Iroquoian people were using the natural resources of the site area at about A.D. 1100. Radiocarbon dates and the archaeological evidence also support a main occupation date of the Richardson site at A.D. 1300-1400.

Une revisite au site Richardson: Un examen des restes de plantes et des dates d’un site du Pickering supérieur
Volume:  OA81/82
Year:  2006
Author:  Charlene Murphy
Page Range:  30-43
Abstract:  Il a toujours été difficile de placer le site Richardson (BbGl-4) culturellement et temporellement dans la tradition Iroquoienne inférieure en Ontario. En revisitant ce problème, un sous-échantillon de matériel non-analysé recueilli par criblage à eau lors des investigations de 1976 fut sélectionné de certains constituants à l’intérieur de Maison longue 1 et Fosse à déchets 1 pour analyse. Les matériaux floraux furent comptés et identifiés. Pareillement aux conclusions de Robert Pearce, l’archéologue original du site, mes résultats confirment que le seul cultigène présent était le maïs. Par contre, je conclus que le site était probablement occupé durant les mois d’hiver, et non à l’année longue. Afin de clarifier le placement temporel du site Richardson, deux essais par datation au radiocarbone furent exécutés. Une fois calibré et combiné avec les datations au carbone 14 précédemment obtenus du site, au moins deux occupations sont suggérées. La population Iroquoienne inférieure de l’Ontario utilisait les ressources naturelles autours du site vers 1100 apr. J.-C. La datation par radiocarbone et les preuves archéologiques supportent aussi une occupation de 1300-1400 apr. J.-C. au site Richardson.

Archaic Occupations of the Peiganovitch site, South-central Ontario
Volume:  OA81/82
Year:  2006
Author:  Philip J. Woodley
Page Range:  44-72
Abstract:  The testing and subsequent excavation of a lithic scatter in south-central Ontario revealed one Middle Archaic (Brewerton) period locus and one Late Archaic (Small Point) period locus overlain by a very light distribution of Late Woodland ceramics and early nineteenth century Euro-Canadian remains. The focus of this report is the two Archaic period loci at the Peiganovitch site (AhHa-127). These loci are compared with sites from the same time periods in southern Ontario to identify similarities and their cultural affiliation. A comparison of the artifacts between loci revealed striking similarities between assemblages that supposedly date thousands of years apart. This similarity either suggests long-term continuity of assemblages as a result of adaptation to a specific microenvironment, or it raises questions about the established time frame for the projectile point chronology of southern Ontario.

Occupations archaïques du site Peiganovitch, au centre du sud de l’Ontario
Volume:  OA81/82
Year:  2006
Author:  Philip J. Woodley
Page Range:  44-72
Abstract:  Le sondage et la fouille subséquente d’une dispersion lithique au centre du sud de l’Ontario a dévoilé un locus de l’Archaïque moyen (Brewerton) et un locus de l’Archaïque supérieur (Small Point). Ceux-ci sont superposés par une distribution légerte de céramique du Sylvicole supérieur et de vestiges euro-canadiens du XIXe siècle. Ce rapport se concentre sur les deux locus archaïques au site Peiganovitch (AhHa-127). Une comparaison entre ces locus et des sites contemporains du sud de l’Ontario identifie des similarités ainsi que leur affiliation culturelle. Une comparaison des artéfacts entres les locus révèle des similarités étonnantes entre ces ensembles qui, censément, sont séparés par des milliers d’années. Cette similarité suggère sois une continuité à long terme d’ensembles d’artéfacts grâce à une adaptation à un micrœnvironnement spécifique. D’autre part, cette similarité soulève des questions sur les dates établies dans la chronologie des pointes de projectiles du sud de l’Ontario.

George Edward Laidlaw
Volume:  OA81/82
Year:  2006
Author:  William C. Noble
Page Range:  73-76
Abstract:  none

“From Crap to Archaeology:” The CRM Shaping of Nineteenth-Century Domestic Site Archaeology
Volume:  OA83/84
Year:  2007
Author:  Neal Ferris
Page Range:  3-29
Abstract:  This paper reviews the history of CRM investigations into nineteenth-century Euro-Canadian domestic sites in southern Ontario and considers how that history has shaped the current state of the practice. This history is not a lengthy one: prior to the late 1980s CRM archaeologists could and did regularly ignore nineteenth-century materials. Instrumental in changing attitudes were the research and publications of Ian and Thomas Kenyon, which went a long way towards finding a broader acceptance for this kind of site. But while many nineteenth-century domestic sites are now documented and excavated every year, methods of excavation and analysis can often be by rote, a sort of mimicking of what \”Ian would have done,\” without considering whys and why-nots. In effect, the potential and value of this important archaeological and social historical site type has been slow to advance beyond initial acceptance of the site type in the 1980s.

“From Crap to Archaeology:” The CRM Shaping of Nineteenth-Century Domestic Site Archaeology
Volume:  OA83/84
Year:  2007
Author:  Neal Ferris
Page Range:  3-29
Abstract:  Cet article examine l’histoire des investigations des sites domestiques euro-canadiens du XIXe siècle au sud de l’Ontario par les firmes de gestion des ressources culturelles, et considère la façon dont cette histoire a formée les pratiques courantes dans ce domaine. Cette histoire n’est pas très longue : avant la fin des années 1980s, les archéologues des firmes de gestion des ressources culturelles pouvaient ignorer les vestiges du XIXe siècle et le faisait souvent. Ces attitudes ont changés grâce aux contributions de Ian et Thomas Kenyon. Leurs recherches et leurs publications ont emportés une plus grande acceptation pour ce genre de site. Par contre, même si un grand nombre de sites domestiques du XIXe siècle sont maintenant documenté et fouillé à chaque année, les méthodes d’excavation et d’analyse sont souvent pratiquées machinalement, imitant ce qu’Ian aurait fait, sans questionnement. En effet, l’avancement du potentiel et de la valeur de ce type de site archéologique et socio-historique fut lent au-delà de l’acceptation initiale de ce type de site dans les années 1980s.

Introduction
Volume:  OA83/84
Year:  2007
Author:  Eva M. MacDonald
Page Range:  1-2
Abstract:  none

Approaches to the Excavation of Plough-Disturbed Early Nineteenth-Century Domestic Sites in Southern Ontario
Volume:  OA83/84
Year:  2007
Author:  Dana R. Poulton and Christine F. Dodd
Page Range:  30-57
Abstract:  Nineteenth-century homesteads are among the most common sites encountered in archaeological resource assessments in Ontario. Despite that, it is only in the past 25 years that assessments have come to include these sites as a matter of course. In addition, formal standards and guidelines for the assessment and excavation of nineteenth-century domestic sites have only recently been drafted (MCL 2004, 2006). As a result, there has been more variability in the approach to excavating these sites than other types of sites, such as lithic scatters and Iroquoian villages. This article describes the experience of one particular cultural resource management (CRM) firm in the assessment and excavation of plough-disturbed Euro-Canadian domestic sites. The sample comprises five early nineteenth-century sites in southcentral Ontario that collectively span a 35 year period, from circa 1810 to the mid-1840s. The paper examines the relative success of different excavation strategies, from partial Stage 3 test excavation to systematic test excavation and mechanical stripping. It also includes a discussion of the relative merits of Stage 4 block excavation.

Approaches to the Excavation of Plough-Disturbed Early Nineteenth-Century Domestic Sites in Southern Ontario
Volume:  OA83/84
Year:  2007
Author:  Dana R. Poulton and Christine F. Dodd
Page Range:  30-57
Abstract:  Les propriétés familiales rurales du XIXe siècle font partie des sites les plus communs dans les évaluations des ressources archéologiques en Ontario. Par contre, ce n’est seulement que dans les derniers 25 ans qu’ils ont commencé à être régulièrement inclus dans les évaluations archéologiques. En plus, les standards et les normes formels pour l’évaluation et l’excavation des sites domestiques du XIXe siècle n’ont été développé que récemment (MCL 2004, 2006). Ceci veut dire qu’il y a eu beaucoup plus de variété d’approches dans l’excavation de ces sites que tout autres types de sites, tels les villages iroquoiens. Cet article décrit l’expérience d’une firme de gestion des ressources culturelles dans l’évaluation et l’excavation de sites domestiques euro-canadiens. L’échantillon comprend cinq sites datant du début du XIXe siècle au centre-sud de l’Ontario, qui s’étend collectivement sur une période de 35 ans, d’environ 1810 au milieu des années 1840s. On examine le succès relatif de différentes stratégies de fouille, d’excavation partielle d’étape 3 à d’excavation systématique et le relèvement du sol par machinerie. Le mérite des excavations de blocs d’étape 4 est aussi examiné.

Stand by Your Ruin: Strategies for Assessing a Built Environment
Volume:  OA83/84
Year:  2007
Author:  Dena Doroszenko
Page Range:  58-69
Abstract:  In historical archaeology, there has been an increasing emphasis on the archaeology of the homelot. This concern has fostered an interest in the arrangement of features within the homelot and the ways in which the landscape and buildings were used to define social relations. The nature, scale, and significance of earthmoving activities on domestic sites, urban and non-urban, are often dramatic reflections of changes in the household—changes in size, composition, economic and/or social standing, and division of labour. There is a need for an integrated methodology incorporating analytical tools that can provide fine-grained information on earthmoving activities as well as environmental changes. There is a need to understand site use over time from both an archaeological and documentary perspective. There is also a need for a comparative database on the treatment of the homelot in Ontario. The study of land use is best approached from a diachronic perspective, especially given the fact that what remains from the earliest occupation may be difficult to interpret without understanding what happened later. The analysis of landscape treatment should be combined with a quantitative analysis of fully delineated phases of feature construction and refuse deposition that relate to the documentary chronology of household composition. In this manner, the archaeology of domestic spaces can contribute to our understanding of how people in the past consciously altered their immediate surrounding as they sought to establish and maintain order in the larger context of the external world.

Stand by Your Ruin: Strategies for Assessing a Built Environment
Volume:  OA83/84
Year:  2007
Author:  Dena Doroszenko
Page Range:  58-69
Abstract:  Il y a une emphase croissante sur l’archéologie du lot familial dans l’archéologie historique. Cette emphase a encouragé un intérêt dans l’arrangement des constituants à l’intérieur du lot familial et dans la manière dont le paysage et les bâtiments étaient utilisés pour définir les relations sociales. La nature, la gamme et la signification d’activités de terrassement sur les sites domestiques, urbains et non-urbains, reflètent souvent et dramatiquement les changements d’un ménage, soient dans la grosseur, la composition, la position économique et/ou sociale, et la division du travail. Une méthodologie intégrée qui incorpore des outils analytiques qui peut fournir de l’information à grains fins sur les activités de terrassement et les changements environnementaux est nécessaire. Il est nécessaire de comprendre l’utilisation d’un site dans le temps d’une perspective archéologique ainsi que documentaire. Il y a aussi un besoin pour une base de données sur le traitement du lot familiale en Ontario. La meilleure approche de l’étude de l’utilisation du sol est à partir d’une perspective diachronique, puisque les vestiges de l’occupation la plus ancienne peuvent être difficile à interpréter sans comprendre ce qui c’est passé après. L’analyse du traitement du paysage devrait être combiné avec une analyse quantitative des phases délinées de construction des constituants et de dépôt des déchets qui se rattachent à la chronologie documentaire de la composition du ménage. De cette façon, l’archéologie des espaces domestiques peut contribuer à notre compréhension de la manière dont les gens changeaient consciemment leurs environs immédiats afin d’établir et de maintenir l’ordre dans le plus grand contexte du monde externe.

For the Record: The What, How and When of Stratigraphy
Volume:  OA83/84
Year:  2007
Author:  Henry C. Cary and Joseph H. Last
Page Range:  70-79
Abstract:  Ontario archaeologists approach stratigraphy from a number of directions, a situation born from the adoption and adaptation of Canadian, American, and British field techniques. Each method is suitable for certain conditions, but we suggest that stratigraphic excavation must be used to understand site formation. Our technique focuses on the single stratigraphic unit and asks of it three questions: what is its nature? (fill, buried sod, or feature); how did it get there? (primary or secondary deposition); and when was it deposited? (the relationship to other layers and features). Posing these questions during excavation ensures that crucial information is not lost once the site is disturbed and allows the archaeologist to determine the site-wide sequence and phases of development later in the analysis. Detailed stratigraphic recording and analysis is often seen as time consuming, especially in mitigation excavations, but we will introduce methods currently in use at stratigraphically complex military sites in Ontario that effect rapid, thorough, and accurate recording.

For the Record: The What, How and When of Stratigraphy
Volume:  OA83/84
Year:  2007
Author:  Henry C. Cary and Joseph H. Last
Page Range:  70-79
Abstract:  Puisque les archéologues ontariens pratiquent un mélange de techniques de chantier canadiennes, américaines, et britannique, ceux-ci approchent la stratigraphie de nombreuses directions. Même si chaque méthode convient à certaines conditions, nous présentons que l’excavation stratigraphique doit être pratiqué afin de comprendre la formation du site. Notre technique se concentre sur l’unité stratigraphique singulière et pose trois questions : quelle est sa nature? (remblai, gazon enterré, ou constituant archéologique); quelle est son origine? (dépôt primaire ou secondaire); quand fut elle créée? (relation aux autres couches et constituants). Poser ces questions lors d’une fouille garantie que toute information importante ne soit pas perdue une fois que le site est dérangé, et permet aux archéologues de déterminer la séquence et les phases de développement a travers du site plus tard au stage d’analyse.

Beyond the Mean Ceramic Date: The Interpretive Potential of Historic Ceramics in Cultural Resource Management
Volume:  OA83/84
Year:  2007
Author:  Katherine L. Hull
Page Range:  80-91
Abstract:  While the mean ceramic date (MCD) is a useful, and often central, application of our ceramic data from historic sites, it does not represent the limit of the ceramic assemblage’s interpretive potential. Cultural resource managers are often limited to the MCD because of the constraints placed upon our time (deadlines, backlogs, and planning) and budgets. This paper will suggest that mitigation archaeologists can implement a few tested, effective, and relatively simple analytical tools to amplify the impact of their research and to make an explicit connection between CRM and anthropological archaeology. Specifically, we can attempt to discern and compare social position through an evaluation of the quantity, quality, and variety of ceramic assemblages. Additionally, it is suggested that the often time-consuming process of arriving at a minimum vessel count may be unnecessary as sherd count delivers much of the same information.

Beyond the Mean Ceramic Date: The Interpretive Potential of Historic Ceramics in Cultural Resource Management
Volume:  OA83/84
Year:  2007
Author:  Katherine L. Hull
Page Range:  80-91
Abstract:  La date moyenne de céramique (DMC) est un outil utile, et souvent central, dans l’analyse de la céramique provenant des sites historiques. Par contre, elle ne représente pas la limite du potentiel d’interprétation de ce type de collection. Les responsables de la gestion des ressources culturelles sont souvent limités à la DMC face aux contraintes placées sur leur temps (date limite, travail en retard, et planification) et leurs budgets. Cet article suggère que les archéologues d’atténuation peuvent implémenter quelques outils analytiques prouvés, efficaces et relativement simples afin d’amplifier l’impact de leur recherche et permettre la liaison explicite entre l’archéologie en gestion des ressources culturelles et l’archéologie anthropologique. Spécifiquement, nous pouvons essayer de discerner et comparer la position sociale par une évaluation de la quantité, la qualité, et la variété des assemblages de céramique. En plus, il est suggéré que le calcul du nombre de tessons de céramique pourrait aboutir à la même information que la méthode, souvent chronophage, d’arriver à un calcul du nombre minimum de récipients.

Going Beyond Professional and Research “Enclaves:” An Appreciation of Michael W. Spence
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:   2008
Author:  Christopher Ellis, Neal Ferris, Christine White and Peter Timmins
Page Range:  1-17
Abstract:  no abstract

Evidence for Bow and Arrow Use in the Small Point Late Archaic of Southwestern Ontario
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Kristen Snarey and Christopher Ellis
Page Range:  21-38
Abstract:  no abstract

Life and Death at the Quarry: The Early Woodland Archaeology of the Peace Bridge Site
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Ronald F. Williamson, David A. Robertson, Martin S. Cooper, Robert I. MacDonald, Shaun J. Austin, and Robert H. Pihl
Page Range:  39-68
Abstract:  no abstract

Much Ado About Netsinkers: An Examination of Pre-Contact Aboriginal Netsinker Manufacture and Use Patterns at Five Woodland Period Archaeological Sites within Southern Ontario
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Shari L. Prowse
Page Range:  69-96
Abstract:  no abstract

Praying Mantis:  A Unique Glen Meyer Village in London
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Robert J. Pearce
Page Range:  97-120
Abstract:  no abstract

The Harrietsville Site (AfHf-10): An Earthwork Surrounded Neutral Village in Middlesex County
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  James R. Keron
Page Range:  121-136
Abstract:  no abstract

A Critical Review of the Methodology for the Study of Secular Change Using Skeletal Data
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  John Albanese
Page Range:  139-155
Abstract:  no abstract

Who Was Buried at the Varden Site (AdHa-1)? Osteological Insights into the Time of Interment and the Cultural Group Association of the Mortuary Component of a Long Point Fishing Station
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Lindsay J. Foreman and Eldon Molto
Page Range:  157-186
Abstract:  no abstract

Origins of the Odd Fellows Skeletal Collection: Exploring Links to Early Medical Training
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Jaime K. Ginter
Page Range:  187-203
Abstract:  no abstract

The Ways to Dusty Death: Three Projects Involving the Recently Emeritus Professor Michael W. Spence
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Dana R. Poulton, Christine F. Dodd, and Christopher W. Neill, Michael W. Spence and James T. Sherratt
Page Range:  205-226
Abstract:  no abstract

Cranial Trauma as Evidence of a Stressful Period among Southern African Foragers
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Susan Pfeiffer
Page Range:  227-237
Abstract:  no abstract

Within and Without: The Enclaving of Native Communities in 19th Century Ontario
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Neal Ferris
Page Range:  241-253
Abstract:  no abstract

Pottery and Ethnic Identity in the Oaxaca Barrio, Teotihuacan
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Kevin T. Gibbs
Page Range:  255-263
Abstract:  no abstract

Ceramic Decoration, Ethnicity and Political Economy in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Jerimy J. Cunningham
Page Range:  265-277
Abstract:  no abstract

The Teotihuacan Dream: An Isotopic Study of Economic Organization and Immigration
Volume:  OA85-88
Year:  2008
Author:  Christine White, Michael Spence, Fred J. Longstaffe, Evelyn Rattray and Rebecca Storey
Page Range:  279-297
Abstract:  no abstract